Hierarchy of Controls
The Hierarchy of Controls is a ranked system of hazard control methods - elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and PPE - listed from most to least effective.
What Is the Hierarchy of Controls?
The Hierarchy of Controls is the universally accepted framework for reducing workplace risk. It ranks control measures from most effective (eliminating the hazard entirely) to least effective (protecting the worker with PPE). The goal is always to apply controls as high on the hierarchy as reasonably practicable.
The Five Levels
- Elimination: Physically remove the hazard. Example: redesign a process to remove the need for work at heights.
- Substitution: Replace the hazard with something less dangerous. Example: use a water-based cleaner instead of a solvent.
- Engineering Controls: Isolate people from the hazard. Example: install machine guards, ventilation systems, or noise enclosures.
- Administrative Controls: Change the way people work. Example: rotate workers to reduce exposure, implement safe work procedures, post warning signs.
- PPE: Protect the worker with equipment. Example: respirators, gloves, harnesses. This is the least effective because it relies on correct and consistent use.
Applying the Hierarchy
Every JHA, risk assessment and FLHA should reference the hierarchy. The best safety programs demonstrate that higher-level controls were considered before resorting to PPE.
Document Controls with Make Safety Easy
Make Safety Easy embeds the Hierarchy of Controls into JHA and risk assessment templates, prompting users to evaluate each level and document their rationale.